Calculate with Confidence,

Hazards

• The publication contains no hazards
  

Conformance

• PDF/UA-1
  
• The publication contains a conformance statement that it meets the EPUB Accessibility 1.1, WCAG 2.1, Level AA standard. Please see https://bornaccessible.benetech.org/certified-publishers/ for further details of our compatibility testing.
  
• The publication was certified on 20250728
  
• Accessibility addendum
  
• The certifier's credential is https://bornaccessible.benetech.org/certified-publishers/
  
• For detailed accessibility information, see Elsevier’s website at https://www-elsevier-com.ucc.idm.oclc.org/about/accessibility
  
• Compatibility tested
  
• For queries regarding accessibility information, contact [email protected]
  

Ways Of Reading

• This e-publication is accessible to the full extent that the file format and types of content allow, on a specific reading device, by default, without necessarily including any additions such as textual descriptions of images or enhanced navigation.
  
• Short alternative textual descriptions
  
• Information-rich images are described by extended descriptions
  
• Visualised data also available as non-graphical data
  
• All contents of the digital publication necessary to use and understanding, including any text, images (via alternative descriptions), video (via audio description) is fully accessible via suitable audio reproduction.
  

Navigation

• The contents of the PDF have been tagged to permit access by assistive technologies as per PDF-UA-1 standard.
  
• Index with links to referenced entries
  
• Page breaks included from the original print source
  
• Elements such as headings, tables, etc. for structured navigation
  

Additional Accessibility Information

• All (or substantially all) textual matter is arranged in a single logical reading order (including text that is visually presented as separate from the main text flow, e.g., in boxouts, captions, tables, footnotes, endnotes, citations, etc.). Non-textual content is also linked from within this logical reading order. (Purely decorative non-text content can be ignored).
  
• The language of the text has been specified (e.g., via the HTML or XML lang attribute) to optimise text-to-speech (and other alternative renderings), both at the whole document level and, where appropriate, for individual words, phrases or passages in a different language.
  
• For readers with color vision deficiency, use of color (e.g., in diagrams, graphics and charts, in prompts, or on buttons inviting a response) is not the sole means of graphical distinction or of conveying information
  
• Content is enhanced with ARIA roles to optimize organization and facilitate navigation
  
• Where interactive content is included in the product, controls are provided (e.g., for speed, pause and resume, reset) and labelled to make their use clear.
  

Rich Content

• Math formulas in accessible format (MathML)
  

• WCAG v2.2
  

Product Content

• Content includes any type of illustrations.
  
• The primary content is text.
  
• Content includes maps and/or other cartographic content.
  
• Content includes a significant number of actionable (clickable) web links to external content, downloadable resources, supplementary material, etc.
  
• Content includes a significant number of actionable (clickable) cross-references, hyperlinked notes and annotations, or with other actionable links between largely textual elements (e.g., quiz/test questions, ‘choose your own ending’, etc.).
  
• Additional text not part of main content
  
• Content includes photographs, whether in a plate section / insert or not.
  
• Content includes figures, diagrams, charts and/or graphs, including other ‘mechanical’ (i.e. non-photographic) illustrations.
  
• Content includes a significant number of web links (printed URLs, QR codes etc.).
  
• Text within images
  
• Content includes chemical notations, formulae.
  
• Content includes mathematical notations, formulae.
  
• At least some text – including text within other images – is ‘text as an image’ (i.e., a picture of text).
  

Note

• This product relies on 3rd party tooling which may impact the accessibility features visible in inspection copies. All accessibility features mentioned would be present in the purchased version of the title.